| Teilor | Date: Tuesday, 2012-06-12, 15:40:29 | Message # 1 |
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Group: Guests
| Tramadol hydrochloride (trademarked as Conzip, Ryzolt, Ultracet, Ultram in the USA,Ralivia and Zytram XL in Canada) is a centrally-acting synthetic analgesic used to treat moderate to moderately-severe pain. The drug has a wide range of applications, including treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, restless legs syndrome and fibromyalgia. It was launched and marketed as Tramal by the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal GmbH in 1977.[1][2]
Tramadol is a very weak ?-opioid receptor agonist, induces serotonin release, and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine.[3][4] Tramadol is converted to O-desmethyltramadol, a significantly more potent ?-opioid agonist. The opioid agonistic effect of tramadol and its major metabolite(s) is almost exclusively mediated by such ?-opioid receptors. This further distinguishes tramadol from opioids in general (including morphine), which do not possess tramadol's degree of receptor subtype selectivity and which are much stronger opiate-receptor agonists. Similarly, the habituating properties of tramadol (such as they are) are arguably mainly due to ?-opioid agonism with contributions from serotonergic and noradrenergic effects.
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